Electrician Shortage by State, 2026: Electricians per 1,000 Jobs, Contractor Growth and Pay
- Primary data
- BLS OEWS May 2025 (SOC 47-2111) and QCEW NAICS 23821 electrical contractors
- Data period
- May 2025; 2020 to 2025 annual averages; March 2026; projections 2025 to 2035
- Latest release used
- 2026-10-02
- Next release
- 2026-11-02 (Census), 2026-11-06 (CES), 2026-12-02 (QCEW)
- Geography
- 50 states and the District of Columbia
- Sources
- 28 (26 Tier 1)
Federal data are consistent with an electrician shortage in 2026. BLS projects 72,700 electrician openings a year from 2025 to 2035, while registered apprenticeships produced 14,450 completers in FY2025. New Jersey has the fewest electricians per 1,000 jobs (3.15), and Idaho has the fastest electrical contractor job growth (52.8% since 2020).
Electrician shortage by state: electricians per 1,000 jobs, May 2025
The US had 4.87 electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025. The thinnest coverage is in New Jersey (3.15), the District of Columbia and South Carolina (both 3.47); the densest is in Wyoming (10.54) and North Dakota (8.31).
United States: 4.87 per 1,000 jobs
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2025 state estimates (SOC 47-2111)
Density measures how many electricians a state employs relative to its whole job base. Pennsylvania (3.75), Illinois (3.79), California (4.03) and New York (4.14) are also below the US figure of 4.87. The highest densities are in Wyoming (10.54), North Dakota (8.31), Idaho (6.64), Iowa (6.61) and Utah (6.60).
Low density is not proof of a shortage, because the figure also reflects each state's industry mix. Density becomes a pressure signal when it is combined with fast growth in electrical contracting, which the rankings section does.
Electricians per 1,000 jobs: BLS OEWS employment of electricians (SOC 47-2111) divided by total OEWS employment in the state, times 1,000. The location quotient is the same ratio divided by the US ratio, so 1.00 equals the national share. OEWS covers wage and salary jobs and excludes the self-employed.
All 50 states and DC: electricians, pay and electrical contractor growth
One row per state for May 2025 electrician counts and wages (OEWS) and 2020 to 2025 electrical contractor jobs (QCEW). US electrical contractors added 189,996 jobs over the period.
Show all 52 rows
| State | Electricians, May 2025 | Per 1,000 jobs | Location quotient | Per 100,000 residents | Electrician median wage | All-occupation median wage | Wage premium | Electrical contractor jobs, 2020 | Electrical contractor jobs, 2025 | Contractor growth, 2020 to 2025 | All-private growth, 2020 to 2025 | Gap (points) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 10,900 | 5.16 | 1.06 | 209.9 | $55,690 | $45,670 | 21.9% | 13,773 | 17,424 | 26.5% | 11.3% | +15.2 |
| Alaska | 1,870 | 5.73 | 1.18 | 253.6 | $89,440 | $61,000 | 46.6% | n/d | 1,775 | n/d | 14.6% | n/d |
| Arizona | 21,140 | 6.53 | 1.34 | 277.3 | $61,060 | $50,060 | 22.0% | 22,983 | 33,799 | 47.1% | 16.0% | +31.1 |
| Arkansas | 7,500 | 5.75 | 1.18 | 240.8 | $49,070 | $43,630 | 12.5% | 8,513 | 10,708 | 25.8% | 12.8% | +13.0 |
| California | 73,310 | 4.03 | 0.83 | 186.3 | $76,160 | $58,240 | 30.8% | 110,656 | 122,326 | 10.5% | 11.3% | -0.8 |
| Colorado | 17,010 | 5.92 | 1.22 | 282.9 | $62,230 | $59,800 | 4.1% | 24,016 | 26,074 | 8.6% | 11.5% | -2.9 |
| Connecticut | 7,710 | 4.55 | 0.93 | 209.0 | $77,540 | $59,690 | 29.9% | 8,870 | 10,187 | 14.8% | 10.2% | +4.6 |
| Delaware | 2,260 | 4.66 | 0.96 | 213.2 | $63,700 | $52,190 | 22.1% | 2,806 | 3,101 | 10.5% | 13.3% | -2.8 |
| District of Columbia | 2,440 | 3.47 | 0.71 | 351.8 | $78,970 | $91,540 | -13.7% | 2,292 | 2,324 | 1.4% | 5.5% | -4.1 |
| Florida | 49,700 | 5.00 | 1.03 | 211.8 | $57,250 | $47,880 | 19.6% | 67,973 | 78,618 | 15.7% | 19.3% | -3.6 |
| Georgia | 21,650 | 4.43 | 0.91 | 191.5 | $58,320 | $48,170 | 21.1% | 28,661 | 36,586 | 27.7% | 14.8% | +12.9 |
| Hawaii | 3,070 | 4.90 | 1.01 | 214.3 | $96,460 | $56,320 | 71.3% | 4,681 | 5,170 | 10.4% | 17.6% | -7.2 |
| Idaho | 5,690 | 6.64 | 1.36 | 280.3 | $63,000 | $47,970 | 31.3% | 5,271 | 8,056 | 52.8% | 18.9% | +33.9 |
| Illinois | 23,120 | 3.79 | 0.78 | 181.8 | $99,560 | $51,960 | 91.6% | 26,823 | 30,002 | 11.9% | 8.8% | +3.1 |
| Indiana | 19,020 | 5.94 | 1.22 | 272.8 | $68,490 | $47,860 | 43.1% | 17,147 | 23,469 | 36.9% | 10.1% | +26.8 |
| Iowa | 10,310 | 6.61 | 1.36 | 318.4 | $60,860 | $48,540 | 25.4% | 10,440 | 13,495 | 29.3% | 5.3% | +24.0 |
| Kansas | 6,350 | 4.42 | 0.91 | 213.3 | $65,860 | $48,010 | 37.2% | 6,645 | 8,363 | 25.9% | 8.6% | +17.3 |
| Kentucky | 11,030 | 5.52 | 1.13 | 239.4 | $59,720 | $46,920 | 27.3% | 10,522 | 13,046 | 24.0% | 12.0% | +12.0 |
| Louisiana | 10,550 | 5.45 | 1.12 | 228.4 | $61,540 | $45,520 | 35.2% | 14,499 | 16,928 | 16.8% | 9.6% | +7.2 |
| Maine | 3,780 | 5.89 | 1.21 | 267.2 | $75,380 | $51,430 | 46.6% | 3,315 | 4,513 | 36.1% | 12.3% | +23.8 |
| Maryland | 13,690 | 4.95 | 1.02 | 218.5 | $73,490 | $59,510 | 23.5% | 21,637 | 23,422 | 8.2% | 9.8% | -1.6 |
| Massachusetts | 17,810 | 4.89 | 1.01 | 248.9 | $79,420 | $63,590 | 24.9% | 22,545 | 25,179 | 11.7% | 9.5% | +2.2 |
| Michigan | 23,530 | 5.34 | 1.10 | 232.3 | $76,270 | $49,270 | 54.8% | 21,957 | 28,239 | 28.6% | 11.5% | +17.1 |
| Minnesota | 14,350 | 4.86 | 1.00 | 246.1 | $78,160 | $56,920 | 37.3% | 14,950 | 18,309 | 22.5% | 8.9% | +13.6 |
| Mississippi | 6,610 | 5.68 | 1.17 | 223.8 | $60,860 | $40,120 | 51.7% | 5,982 | 7,994 | 33.6% | 9.5% | +24.1 |
| Missouri | 12,780 | 4.35 | 0.89 | 203.8 | $65,410 | $47,800 | 36.8% | 14,668 | 18,298 | 24.7% | 9.2% | +15.5 |
| Montana | 2,750 | 5.37 | 1.10 | 240.2 | $76,760 | $48,740 | 57.5% | 2,746 | 3,830 | 39.5% | 14.1% | +25.4 |
| Nebraska | 6,440 | 6.29 | 1.29 | 319.1 | $60,820 | $48,980 | 24.2% | 7,740 | 9,121 | 17.8% | 8.0% | +9.8 |
| Nevada | 8,350 | 5.38 | 1.11 | 254.4 | $73,570 | $47,660 | 54.4% | 11,231 | 13,994 | 24.6% | 25.4% | -0.8 |
| New Hampshire | 3,330 | 4.87 | 1.00 | 235.3 | $62,840 | $55,880 | 12.5% | 3,760 | 4,607 | 22.5% | 11.5% | +11.0 |
| New Jersey | 13,520 | 3.15 | 0.65 | 141.6 | $77,250 | $58,570 | 31.9% | 22,187 | 25,405 | 14.5% | 15.6% | -1.1 |
| New Mexico | 5,020 | 5.76 | 1.18 | 236.2 | $58,390 | $47,210 | 23.7% | 6,836 | 8,443 | 23.5% | 13.4% | +10.1 |
| New York | 40,130 | 4.14 | 0.85 | 200.6 | $78,750 | $59,670 | 32.0% | 55,234 | 57,678 | 4.4% | 16.1% | -11.7 |
| North Carolina | 21,640 | 4.38 | 0.90 | 193.2 | $56,800 | $47,970 | 18.4% | 30,117 | 36,521 | 21.3% | 16.2% | +5.1 |
| North Dakota | 3,570 | 8.31 | 1.71 | 446.6 | $65,710 | $52,480 | 25.2% | 3,544 | 4,572 | 29.0% | 8.5% | +20.5 |
| Ohio | 28,950 | 5.22 | 1.07 | 243.3 | $64,700 | $49,380 | 31.0% | 28,838 | 40,366 | 40.0% | 8.6% | +31.4 |
| Oklahoma | 8,500 | 4.98 | 1.02 | 206.1 | $61,010 | $45,600 | 33.8% | 11,898 | 12,967 | 9.0% | 10.8% | -1.8 |
| Oregon | 10,590 | 5.38 | 1.11 | 247.8 | $101,310 | $57,000 | 77.7% | 12,914 | 14,864 | 15.1% | 7.8% | +7.3 |
| Pennsylvania | 22,730 | 3.75 | 0.77 | 174.1 | $67,600 | $49,690 | 36.0% | 28,019 | 31,447 | 12.2% | 11.3% | +0.9 |
| Rhode Island | 2,420 | 4.83 | 0.99 | 217.1 | $74,090 | $56,780 | 30.5% | 2,253 | 2,839 | 26.0% | 13.8% | +12.2 |
| South Carolina | 8,010 | 3.47 | 0.71 | 143.8 | $58,740 | $46,490 | 26.3% | 11,224 | 12,993 | 15.8% | 16.1% | -0.3 |
| South Dakota | 2,980 | 6.51 | 1.34 | 318.7 | $61,390 | $47,080 | 30.4% | 2,729 | 3,637 | 33.3% | 11.4% | +21.9 |
| Tennessee | 17,070 | 5.21 | 1.07 | 233.4 | $61,090 | $47,380 | 28.9% | 18,513 | 23,217 | 25.4% | 13.4% | +12.0 |
| Texas | 76,770 | 5.46 | 1.12 | 242.1 | $58,570 | $48,620 | 20.5% | 88,088 | 114,972 | 30.5% | 18.5% | +12.0 |
| Utah | 11,450 | 6.60 | 1.36 | 323.5 | $62,000 | $50,110 | 23.7% | 17,921 | 21,935 | 22.4% | 16.0% | +6.4 |
| Vermont | 1,270 | 4.17 | 0.86 | 197.0 | $63,430 | $56,390 | 12.5% | n/d | 1,880 | n/d | 9.5% | n/d |
| Virginia | 23,630 | 5.75 | 1.18 | 266.1 | $62,900 | $55,690 | 12.9% | 27,892 | 37,300 | 33.7% | 11.6% | +22.1 |
| Washington | 19,380 | 5.46 | 1.12 | 242.2 | $95,220 | $62,990 | 51.2% | 22,889 | 25,436 | 11.1% | 10.9% | +0.2 |
| West Virginia | 4,290 | 6.11 | 1.25 | 242.9 | $64,810 | $45,300 | 43.1% | 2,526 | 3,557 | 40.8% | 10.0% | +30.8 |
| Wisconsin | 14,310 | 4.87 | 1.00 | 239.6 | $76,540 | $50,270 | 52.3% | 16,856 | 21,016 | 24.7% | 8.2% | +16.5 |
| Wyoming | 2,960 | 10.54 | 2.16 | 502.8 | $76,120 | $50,270 | 51.4% | 2,378 | 3,055 | 28.5% | 8.9% | +19.6 |
| United States | 757,220 | 4.87 | 1.00 | 221.5 | $63,190 | $50,980 | 24.0% | 933,064 | 1,123,060 | 20.4% | 12.9% | +7.5 |
Electricians = SOC 47-2111 (OEWS, wage and salary jobs, excludes the self-employed). Electrical contractors = NAICS 23821, private QCEW annual averages; the industry also employs helpers, office staff and other trades. n/d = not disclosed by BLS. Wage premium = electrician median over the all-occupation median in the same state.
Source: [1][7][8][10][14] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Census Bureau
Two federal counts appear in the table. OEWS counts 757,220 electrician jobs nationally in May 2025. QCEW counts 1,123,060 jobs at electrical contractor establishments in 2025, which includes helpers, estimators, office staff and other trades. The BLS projections matrix counts 821,000 electrician jobs because it adds the self-employed. BLS puts 7% of electricians in self-employment, about 57,470 jobs, most of the 63,780 difference.
Alaska and Vermont electrical contractor employment is not disclosed by BLS for confidentiality, so their growth and gap cells read n/d. Hawaii's electrician employment estimate has a relative standard error of 12.7%, the widest of any state; treat its density and per-resident figures as approximate.
State profiles: the 10 states with the most electricians
Texas (76,770) and California (73,310) employ the most electricians. Their contractor job growth from 2020 to 2025 differed: Texas +30.5%, California +10.5%.
| State | Electricians, May 2025 | Per 1,000 jobs | Median wage | Wage premium | Electrical contractor jobs, 2025 | Contractor growth, 2020 to 2025 | March 2026 vs March 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Texas | 76,770 | 5.46 | $58,570 | 20.5% | 114,972 | 30.5% | 8.7% |
| California | 73,310 | 4.03 | $76,160 | 30.8% | 122,326 | 10.5% | -2.0% |
| Florida | 49,700 | 5.00 | $57,250 | 19.6% | 78,618 | 15.7% | -1.1% |
| New York | 40,130 | 4.14 | $78,750 | 32.0% | 57,678 | 4.4% | 1.1% |
| Ohio | 28,950 | 5.22 | $64,700 | 31.0% | 40,366 | 40.0% | 10.9% |
| Virginia | 23,630 | 5.75 | $62,900 | 12.9% | 37,300 | 33.7% | 15.9% |
| Michigan | 23,530 | 5.34 | $76,270 | 54.8% | 28,239 | 28.6% | 3.4% |
| Illinois | 23,120 | 3.79 | $99,560 | 91.6% | 30,002 | 11.9% | 4.0% |
| Pennsylvania | 22,730 | 3.75 | $67,600 | 36.0% | 31,447 | 12.2% | 2.1% |
| Georgia | 21,650 | 4.43 | $58,320 | 21.1% | 36,586 | 27.7% | 4.1% |
March 2026 QCEW employment is preliminary.
Source: [1][8][11] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Texas: 76,770 electricians in May 2025 (5.46 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 1.12), median wage $58,570 (20.5% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 114,972 in 2025, 30.5% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +8.7% over the year.
- California: 73,310 electricians in May 2025 (4.03 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 0.83), median wage $76,160 (30.8% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 122,326 in 2025, 10.5% since 2020; March 2026 jobs -2.0% over the year.
- Florida: 49,700 electricians in May 2025 (5.00 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 1.03), median wage $57,250 (19.6% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 78,618 in 2025, 15.7% since 2020; March 2026 jobs -1.1% over the year.
- New York: 40,130 electricians in May 2025 (4.14 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 0.85), median wage $78,750 (32.0% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 57,678 in 2025, 4.4% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +1.1% over the year.
- Ohio: 28,950 electricians in May 2025 (5.22 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 1.07), median wage $64,700 (31.0% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 40,366 in 2025, 40.0% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +10.9% over the year.
- Virginia: 23,630 electricians in May 2025 (5.75 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 1.18), median wage $62,900 (12.9% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 37,300 in 2025, 33.7% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +15.9% over the year.
- Michigan: 23,530 electricians in May 2025 (5.34 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 1.10), median wage $76,270 (54.8% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 28,239 in 2025, 28.6% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +3.4% over the year.
- Illinois: 23,120 electricians in May 2025 (3.79 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 0.78), median wage $99,560 (91.6% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 30,002 in 2025, 11.9% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +4.0% over the year.
- Pennsylvania: 22,730 electricians in May 2025 (3.75 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 0.77), median wage $67,600 (36.0% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 31,447 in 2025, 12.2% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +2.1% over the year.
- Georgia: 21,650 electricians in May 2025 (4.43 per 1,000 jobs, location quotient 0.91), median wage $58,320 (21.1% above the state all-occupation median). Electrical contractor jobs: 36,586 in 2025, 27.7% since 2020; March 2026 jobs +4.1% over the year.
Ohio (40.0%) and Virginia (33.7%) posted the fastest contractor growth among the 10 largest states, and both kept growing into 2026 (March jobs +10.9% and +15.9%). New York grew 4.4%, the second-slowest of any state or DC. For metro-level construction pay, see the construction pay by metro index.
Rankings: which states need electricians the most
No federal series measures unfilled electrician jobs by state. Three state measures come close: density, contractor growth and pay. Six states combine below-US density with above-US contractor growth.
| Rank | Fewest electricians per 1,000 jobs | Fewest electricians per 100,000 residents | Fastest electrical contractor growth, 2020 to 2025 | Highest electrician wage premium |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | New Jersey (3.15) | New Jersey (141.6) | Idaho (52.8%) | Illinois (91.6%) |
| 2 | District of Columbia (3.47) | South Carolina (143.8) | Arizona (47.1%) | Oregon (77.7%) |
| 3 | South Carolina (3.47) | Pennsylvania (174.1) | West Virginia (40.8%) | Hawaii (71.3%) |
| 4 | Pennsylvania (3.75) | Illinois (181.8) | Ohio (40.0%) | Montana (57.5%) |
| 5 | Illinois (3.79) | California (186.3) | Montana (39.5%) | Michigan (54.8%) |
| 6 | California (4.03) | Georgia (191.5) | Indiana (36.9%) | Nevada (54.4%) |
| 7 | New York (4.14) | North Carolina (193.2) | Maine (36.1%) | Wisconsin (52.3%) |
| 8 | Vermont (4.17) | Vermont (197.0) | Virginia (33.7%) | Mississippi (51.7%) |
| 9 | Missouri (4.35) | New York (200.6) | Mississippi (33.6%) | Wyoming (51.4%) |
| 10 | North Carolina (4.38) | Missouri (203.8) | South Dakota (33.3%) | Washington (51.2%) |
Includes the District of Columbia. Alaska and Vermont contractor growth is not disclosed.
Source: [1][7][8][14] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Census Bureau
United States: +20.4%; Alaska and Vermont not disclosed
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW, NAICS 23821, private, annual averages
Electrical contractor employment grew fastest from 2020 to 2025 in Idaho (52.8%), Arizona (47.1%), West Virginia (40.8%), Ohio (40.0%) and Montana (39.5%). Growth was slowest in the District of Columbia (1.4%), New York (4.4%), Maryland (8.2%) and Colorado (8.6%). Ohio's contractor growth beat its all-private job growth by 31.4 points, and Idaho's by 33.9 points.
May 2025; United States: 24.0%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2025 state estimates
Illinois electricians earn 91.6% more than the Illinois all-occupation median, Oregon 77.7% and Hawaii 71.3%. In the District of Columbia the premium is negative (-13.7%): the District's all-occupation median ($91,540) is above its electrician median ($78,970).
Is there a shortage of electricians? Openings vs apprentices
BLS projects 72,700 openings a year; registered apprenticeship produced 14,450 completers in FY2025. The gap is filled, or not, by other routes.
| Measure | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrician jobs (all classes of worker) | 821,000 | 2025 | BLS Employment Projections |
| Projected electrician jobs | 896,900 | 2035 | BLS Employment Projections |
| Projected growth | 9.2% (all occupations 3.5%) | 2025 to 2035 | BLS Employment Projections |
| Average annual openings | 72,700 | 2025 to 2035 | BLS Employment Projections |
| of which labor force exits | 22,100 | 2025 to 2035 | BLS Employment Projections |
| of which occupational transfers | 43,100 | 2025 to 2035 | BLS Employment Projections |
| of which employment growth | 7,590 | 2025 to 2035 | Derived (change / 10) |
| Active registered electrician apprentices | 116,957 | FY2025 | DOL RAPIDS |
| New registered electrician apprentices | 42,800 | FY2025 | DOL RAPIDS |
| Registered electrician completers | 14,450 | FY2025 | DOL RAPIDS |
| Completers as a share of annual openings | 19.9% | FY2025 vs 2025 to 2035 | Derived |
| New apprentices as a share of annual openings | 58.9% | FY2025 vs 2025 to 2035 | Derived |
| Electrician helpers (SOC 47-3013) jobs | 63,630 | May 2025 | BLS OEWS |
Registered apprenticeship is one entry route; others include unregistered training, helpers, trade schools, transfers and workers trained abroad. RAPIDS counts exclude records without an occupation code, so they are a floor.
Source: [4][15][2] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Apprenticeship; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Openings: 2025 to 2035 annual average. Apprentices: FY2025
Sources: BLS Employment Projections 2025 to 2035; DOL Office of Apprenticeship (RAPIDS)
Most openings are replacement demand. Of the 72,700 yearly openings, 22,100 come from electricians leaving the labor force and 43,100 from transfers to other occupations; growth adds 7,590. Most electricians train in a 4 or 5 year apprenticeship, so FY2025 starters (42,800) become journey-level workers around 2029 to 2030.
Registered apprenticeship is not the only route. The RAPIDS counts leave out records with no occupation code, unregistered employer training and trade school graduates. BLS also counts 63,630 electrician helpers (May 2025), a pool that feeds the trade. Electricians are 16.8% of all SOC-coded active registered apprentices. More on apprentice counts by trade and state is in the construction apprenticeship statistics report; job openings across all of construction are in the construction labor shortage report.
Are data centers causing an electrician shortage? Demand drivers in the data
Data center construction grew 5.4 times from 2020 to 2025 and electric power construction 44.7%. BLS cites data centers and grid upgrades as a reason electricians gain share at electrical contractors.
| Private construction category | 2020 ($ billions) | 2025 ($ billions) | Change 2020 to 2025 | August 2025 SAAR ($ billions) | August 2026 SAAR ($ billions) | Change, year over year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data center | 9.2 | 49.7 | 5.4 times | 49.1 | 85.0 | +73.2% |
| Electric power | 88.5 | 128.0 | +44.7% | 127.4 | 141.2 | +10.8% |
| Manufacturing | 75.1 | 213.8 | 2.8 times | 209.8 | 168.2 | see note |
Census value put in place, current dollars. Data center is a subcategory of private office; values exclude servers, racks and other equipment. Manufacturing fell from August 2025 to August 2026.
Source: [17][18][19] U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Census Bureau
Calendar years, $ billions, current dollars
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Value of Construction Put in Place (private.xlsx, privateha2.xlsx)
Census measures private data center construction at $49.7 billion in 2025, up from $9.2 billion in 2020. By August 2026 the seasonally adjusted annual rate reached $85.0 billion, 11.0% of all private nonresidential construction. Electric power construction was $141.2 billion (SAAR), +10.8% over the year. Manufacturing construction, which rose 2.8 times from 2020 to 2025, fell back to $168.2 billion (SAAR) in August 2026. Project records are in the data center construction projects registry.
The BLS 2025 to 2035 projections state the link directly: for electricians at electrical contractors, the share increases because of an expected rise in electricity demand mainly from a growing number of data centers and the need to upgrade and expand grid infrastructure. The same release projects utilities as the fastest-growing major sector (+9.8%), nearly all of it in electric power generation, transmission and distribution.
- DOE (LBNL report): data centers used 4.4% of US electricity in 2023 (176 TWh) and could use 6.7 to 12% by 2028 (325 to 580 TWh).
- NERC (January 2026): 10-year summer peak demand growth forecast of 224 GW, 69% above the prior year's 132 GW; data centers account for most of the increase.
- NREL (2024): utilities reported distribution transformer lead times of up to 2 years and price increases of 4 to 9 times; NREL lists difficulty recruiting, training and retaining skilled workers among the causes.
- NIAC (June 2024): transformer prices 80% higher than at the start of the pandemic; about 20% of large power transformers are made in the US; average lead times rose from 50 weeks in 2021 to 120 weeks in 2024 (Wood Mackenzie figures quoted by NIAC).
- EIA (October 2026): US generation of 4,430 billion kWh in 2025, forecast 4,545 in 2026 and 4,613 in 2027.
These sources show demand for electrical work rising in power, grid and data center construction. None of them counts how many electricians data centers employ, so the data cannot say what share of any shortage data centers cause. Transformer and grid equipment delays can also slow projects regardless of labor supply.
Latest data: electrical contractor jobs in 2026
Electrical contractor employment kept rising in 2026: +3.6% in March (QCEW) and +4.1% in August (CES), against +1.4% for all construction in August.
Annual average private jobs, thousands
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW, NAICS 23821, private, annual averages
| Geography | March 2025 | March 2026 (preliminary) | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 1,103,781 | 1,143,104 | +3.6% |
| Iowa | 12,258 | 15,578 | +27.1% |
| Nevada | 13,288 | 15,813 | +19.0% |
| Virginia | 35,253 | 40,860 | +15.9% |
| South Carolina | 12,832 | 14,402 | +12.2% |
| Ohio | 38,601 | 42,814 | +10.9% |
| Maryland | 22,392 | 24,743 | +10.5% |
| Oklahoma | 12,716 | 13,949 | +9.7% |
| Texas | 113,963 | 123,924 | +8.7% |
| Arkansas | 11,053 | 10,430 | -5.6% |
| Utah | 21,962 | 21,019 | -4.3% |
| Washington | 25,573 | 24,818 | -3.0% |
| Colorado | 26,225 | 25,506 | -2.7% |
States with at least 10,000 electrical contractor jobs in 2025; fastest 8 and slowest 4. First quarter 2026 is preliminary (released 2026-08-28).
Source: [11] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
QCEW put March 2026 US electrical contractor employment at 1,143,104, up from 1,103,781 a year earlier, and the average weekly wage at $1,703 (+6.2%). Among states with at least 10,000 such jobs, Iowa (+27.1%), Nevada (+19.0%) and Virginia (+15.9%) grew fastest, while Arkansas (-5.6%) and Utah (-4.3%) declined. Monthly CES data show 1,160.5 thousand jobs in August 2026, 23.1% above August 2020. For career paths into the trade, see construction careers.
State-by-state findings
- BLS projects an average of 72,700 openings a year for electricians in the US from 2025 to 2035, made up of 22,100 labor force exits, 43,100 occupational transfers and 7,590 from employment growth.[4]
- US electrician employment is projected to rise from 821,000 in 2025 to 896,900 in 2035 (9.2%), the 20th-largest numeric gain of any occupation in the BLS 2025 to 2035 projections.[4]
- In FY2025, US registered apprenticeship programs counted 116,957 active, 42,800 new and 14,450 completing electrician apprentices (DOL RAPIDS).[15]
- Registered electrician completers in FY2025 equal 19.9% of one year of projected US openings, or 5.0 openings per completer.[4][15]
- US electrical contractor (NAICS 23821) employment grew 20.4% from 2020 to 2025, adding 189,996 jobs, while all private employment grew 12.9%.[7][8][10]
- In August 2026, US electrical contractors employed 1,160.5 thousand people (seasonally adjusted, preliminary), up 4.1% from August 2025; total construction employment rose 1.4%.[13]
- New Jersey had the fewest electricians per 1,000 jobs of any state in May 2025 (3.15), followed by the District of Columbia and South Carolina (3.47); the US figure was 4.87.[1][2]
- Per 100,000 residents, New Jersey (141.6) and South Carolina (143.8) had the fewest electricians in 2025, against 221.5 nationally.[1][14]
- Wyoming had the most electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025 (10.54), followed by North Dakota (8.31).[1]
- From 2020 to 2025, electrical contractor employment grew fastest in Idaho (52.8%), Arizona (47.1%), West Virginia (40.8%) and Ohio (40.0%).[7][8]
- Electricians earned the highest median wage in Oregon ($101,310) and Illinois ($99,560) in May 2025, and the lowest in Arkansas ($49,070).[1]
- The US electrician median wage of $63,190 in May 2025 was 24.0% above the all-occupation median of $50,980; in Illinois the premium was 91.6%.[1][2]
- Average annual pay at US electrical contractors reached $87,578 in 2025, up 28.9% from 2020, against 23.1% for all private jobs.[7][8][10]
- US private data center construction spending was $85.0 billion at a seasonally adjusted annual rate in August 2026, up 73.2% from August 2025.[17]
- BLS expects the electrician share of electrical contractor employment to rise from 2025 to 2035 because of electricity demand mainly from a growing number of data centers and the need to upgrade and expand grid infrastructure.[4]
Rankings and ratios we derived
Electricians per 1,000 jobs by state
FormulaOEWS electricians (SOC 47-2111) / OEWS total employment x 1,000
Inputs: rows 1, 8; state rows NJ to WY (fact sheet, 'per 1,000 jobs') (fact sheet rows)
Result: US 4.87; lowest New Jersey 3.15; highest Wyoming 10.54
A supply measure relative to the job base; lowest values mark the thinnest coverage.
Limitations: Excludes the self-employed; reflects economic mix as well as supply.
Electricians per 100,000 residents by state
FormulaOEWS electricians / population x 100,000
Inputs: rows 1, 57; derived ids XX-per100k (fact sheet rows)
Result: US 221.5; lowest New Jersey 141.6; highest Wyoming 502.8
Relates electricians to the population their homes and buildings serve.
Limitations: Jobs are counted where people work, residents where they live; cross-border commuting skews small states and DC.
Electrical contractor employment growth, 2020 to 2025, and gap vs all private jobs
Formula(NAICS 23821 jobs 2025 / 2020 - 1) x 100; gap = growth - all-private growth
Inputs: rows 34, 39, 44, 45; derived ids XX-growth, XX-gap (fact sheet rows)
Result: US +20.4% vs +12.9% (gap +7.5 points); fastest Idaho +52.8%; largest gap Idaho +33.9 points
A demand measure: contractor hiring outpacing the local economy.
Limitations: 2020 is a pandemic-affected base; Alaska and Vermont not disclosed.
Projected openings vs active and completing apprentices (national)
Formularap_comp / ep_open x 100; rap_new / ep_open x 100; ep_open / rap_comp
Inputs: rows 19, 29, 30, 28 (fact sheet rows)
Result: completers 19.9% of annual openings; new apprentices 58.9%; 5.0 openings per completer
Registered apprenticeship output covers a minority of projected openings.
Limitations: Registered programs only; RAPIDS SOC coding is incomplete; openings are a 10-year average.
Electrician wage premium over all occupations by state
Formula(electrician median wage / all-occupation median wage - 1) x 100
Inputs: rows 2, 7; derived ids XX-premium (fact sheet rows)
Result: US 24.0%; highest Illinois 91.6%; lowest District of Columbia -13.7%
Shows how strongly a state pays electricians relative to its own labor market.
Limitations: Medians only; no adjustment for union coverage, overtime or cost of living.
Pressure screen: low density plus fast contractor growth
Formulastates with jobs_1000 below the US and contractor growth above the US
Inputs: derived ids US-jobs1000, US-ec-growth, XX-growth; state rows 'per 1,000 jobs' (fact sheet rows)
Result: Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Rhode Island
States where contractor demand grew faster than average from a thin base.
Limitations: Two-variable screen; Minnesota sits at the US density line.
Data center construction growth multiple
Formuladata center spending 2025 / 2020; August 2026 SAAR vs August 2025
Inputs: rows 59, 64, 79, 83 (fact sheet rows)
Result: 5.4 times (2020 to 2025); +73.2% (August 2025 to August 2026)
Data center construction grew faster than electric power or manufacturing construction.
Limitations: Current dollars; structures only, equipment excluded; no electrician headcount attached.
Executive summary
- BLS projects 72,700 electrician openings a year in the US from 2025 to 2035; 89.7% of them come from workers who retire or change occupations, and 7,590 a year from growth.
- Electrician employment is projected to grow 9.2% from 2025 to 2035, 2.6 times the 3.5% projected for all occupations.
- Registered apprenticeship programs recorded 42,800 new electrician apprentices and 14,450 completers in FY2025; completers equal 19.9% of one year of projected openings.
- Electrical contractor employment rose from 933,064 in 2020 to 1,123,060 in 2025 (+20.4%), against +12.9% for all private jobs.
- New Jersey (3.15), the District of Columbia and South Carolina (both 3.47) have the fewest electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025; the US figure is 4.87.
- Six states pair below-US electrician density with above-US contractor growth: Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Rhode Island.
- Private data center construction rose from $9.2 billion in 2020 to $49.7 billion in 2025, and BLS names data centers and grid upgrades as a reason electrical contractors will employ more electricians.
Questions people ask
Is there a shortage of electricians?
Federal data point that way, though no federal series counts the shortage directly. BLS projects 72,700 US electrician openings a year from 2025 to 2035, and registered apprenticeships produced 14,450 completers in FY2025. Electrical contractor jobs grew 20.4% from 2020 to 2025, faster than all private jobs (12.9%).
How much do electricians make by state?
The US median was $63,190 in May 2025. The highest state medians were Oregon ($101,310), Illinois ($99,560), Hawaii ($96,460) and Washington ($95,220); the lowest was Arkansas ($49,070). Every state is in the 50-state table.
Which states need electricians the most?
By density, New Jersey (3.15 per 1,000 jobs), the District of Columbia and South Carolina (both 3.47) have the fewest electricians (May 2025). By demand growth, Idaho (+52.8%) and Arizona (+47.1%) led contractor job growth from 2020 to 2025. Combining both: Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Rhode Island.
How many electricians are needed by 2035?
BLS projects US electrician employment of 896,900 in 2035, 75,900 more than in 2025, and an average of 72,700 openings a year, about 727,000 over the decade, most of them to replace workers who retire or change occupations.
Are data centers causing an electrician shortage?
The data show rising demand, not a measured cause. US private data center construction grew from $9.2 billion in 2020 to $49.7 billion in 2025 (Census), and BLS cites data centers and grid upgrades as a reason electricians gain share at electrical contractors through 2035. No federal source counts electricians working on data centers.
Download the data
Every table in this report is available as a CSV under CC BY 4.0. The fact sheet lists each value with its source URL and access date.
- derived_metrics.csv (CSV)
- fact_sheet.csv (CSV)
- Electricians and electrical contractors by state: density, pay and growth, 2020 to 2025 (CSV)
- State profiles: the 10 states with the most electricians, May 2025 (CSV)
- Rankings: fewest electricians, fastest contractor growth and highest pay premium (CSV)
- National pipeline: projected electrician openings vs registered apprentices (CSV)
- Demand drivers: private data center, electric power and manufacturing construction spending (CSV)
- Latest quarter: electrical contractor employment, March 2026 vs March 2025 (CSV)
For journalists and researchers
If you cite only a few, cite these
- BLS projects 72,700 electrician openings a year in the US from 2025 to 2035.[4]
- US registered apprenticeship programs recorded 14,450 electrician completers in FY2025, equal to 19.9% of one year of projected openings.[4][15]
- New Jersey had 3.15 electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025, the fewest of any state; the US figure was 4.87.[1][2]
Most quotable statistics
- BLS projects 72,700 electrician openings a year in the US from 2025 to 2035.[4]
- US registered apprenticeship programs recorded 14,450 electrician completers in FY2025, equal to 19.9% of one year of projected openings.[4][15]
- US electrical contractor employment grew 20.4% from 2020 to 2025, against 12.9% for all private jobs.[7][8][10]
- New Jersey had 3.15 electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025, the fewest of any state; the US figure was 4.87.[1][2]
- Idaho's electrical contractor employment grew 52.8% from 2020 to 2025, the fastest of any state.[7][8]
- US private data center construction reached $85.0 billion (SAAR) in August 2026, up 73.2% in a year.[17]
- Electricians in Illinois earn a median 91.6% more than the state's all-occupation median (May 2025).[1]
Press summary
A Commercial Builders & Contractors state atlas of federal data finds US demand for electricians outrunning the registered training pipeline. BLS projects 72,700 electrician openings a year from 2025 to 2035, mostly to replace workers who retire or change occupations; registered apprenticeships produced 14,450 completers in FY2025. Electrical contractor employment rose 20.4% from 2020 to 2025, against 12.9% for all private jobs, and was up 4.1% over the year in August 2026. New Jersey (3.15), the District of Columbia and South Carolina (3.47) have the fewest electricians per 1,000 jobs; Idaho (+52.8%) and Arizona (+47.1%) had the fastest contractor job growth. Private data center construction grew 5.4 times from 2020 to 2025, and BLS cites data centers and grid upgrades as a reason electricians gain share at contractors. All state data and calculations are published as CSV files under CC BY 4.0.
Suggested headlines
- BLS projects 72,700 electrician openings a year; apprenticeships finished 14,450
- New Jersey has the fewest electricians per 1,000 jobs in the US
- Electrical contractor jobs up 20.4% since 2020, outpacing private employment
- Idaho and Arizona lead electrical contractor job growth, 2020 to 2025
- Data center construction grew 5.4 times in five years as electrician demand climbs
How to cite this report
Commercial Builders & Contractors. (2026). Electrician Shortage by State, 2026: Electricians per 1,000 Jobs, Contractor Growth and Pay. Retrieved from https://commercialbuildersandcontractors.com/electrician-shortage-by-state/
Reuse license
Data and tables are licensed CC BY 4.0. Attribution: “Source: Commercial Builders & Contractors, Electrician Shortage by State, 2026: Electricians per 1,000 Jobs, Contractor Growth and Pay” with a link to this page.
Frequently asked questions
How many electricians are there in the US?
BLS counts 821,000 electrician jobs in 2025 including the self-employed (Employment Projections) and 757,220 wage and salary jobs in May 2025 (OEWS).
What is the electrician job outlook for 2025 to 2035?
BLS projects 9.2% growth in US electrician employment from 2025 to 2035, against 3.5% for all occupations, with 72,700 openings a year.
Which state has the fewest electricians per worker?
New Jersey, with 3.15 electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025 (OEWS). The US figure was 4.87.
Which state has the most electricians per worker?
Wyoming, with 10.54 electricians per 1,000 jobs in May 2025, followed by North Dakota (8.31).
Which states have the fastest-growing electrical contractor employment?
From 2020 to 2025 (QCEW annual averages): Idaho +52.8%, Arizona +47.1%, West Virginia +40.8%, Ohio +40.0%. The US grew 20.4%.
How many electrician apprentices are there?
DOL RAPIDS records 116,957 active registered electrician apprentices in FY2025, 42,800 new registrations and 14,450 completions. These counts are a floor because some records lack an occupation code.
How long does it take to become an electrician?
BLS says most electricians train through a 4 or 5 year apprenticeship, and most states require a license. New registered electrician apprentices earned a median $18.50 an hour in FY2025 (RAPIDS).
Do electricians earn more than other workers?
Yes. The US electrician median of $63,190 (May 2025) was 24.0% above the all-occupation median of $50,980. Average pay at electrical contractors was $87,578 in 2025, 10.7% above the all-private average.
How fast is data center construction growing?
Census puts private data center construction at $85.0 billion (seasonally adjusted annual rate) in August 2026, up 73.2% from a year earlier and 11.0% of private nonresidential construction.
Is electrical contractor employment still growing in 2026?
Yes. CES data show 1,160.5 thousand jobs in August 2026 (preliminary), +4.1% over the year, and QCEW shows March 2026 employment +3.6% over March 2025.
Methodology
Selection: federal statistical sources only for every number in the state tables (BLS OEWS, QCEW, CES and Employment Projections; Census population and construction spending; DOL RAPIDS). DOE, NREL, NIAC, NERC and EIA documents supply grid and power context. Two private pages appear only as pages to beat.
Electricians are SOC 47-2111 in OEWS May 2025 (released 2026-05-15), cross-industry, wage and salary jobs. Electrical contractors are NAICS 23821, private ownership, QCEW annual averages for 2020 and 2025 (2025 final as of 2026-08-28) and March employment for the first quarters of 2025 and 2026 (2026 preliminary). All-private employment is QCEW industry 10, private ownership. Population is the Census Vintage 2025 estimate for July 1, 2025.
Conflicting counts: three BLS figures for electricians differ by design. Employment Projections (821,000) includes the self-employed; OEWS (757,220) counts wage and salary jobs; QCEW (1,123,060) counts all jobs at electrical contractor establishments, whatever the occupation. Each is used only for the question it answers, and the report never adds them together.
Derived metrics: per 1,000 jobs uses the published OEWS JOBS_1000 field by state and OEWS totals for the US; per 100,000 residents divides OEWS employment by population; growth and gap use QCEW annual averages; wage premium compares state electrician and all-occupation medians; the pressure screen uses the US values as cut points. Every formula and input row is in derived_metrics.csv, and scripts/ re-runs the pipeline from raw/.
Exclusions: BLS suppresses Alaska and Vermont electrical contractor employment, so they are excluded from growth rankings but kept in density and pay rankings. Market-research shortage counts, retirement claims and company statements found on competing pages were not used because no primary source for them was opened (see excluded.md).
Limitations: no federal series counts unfilled electrician jobs by state, so the report uses density, demand growth and pay as indirect signals. Registered apprenticeship counts exclude other training routes and records without an occupation code. Construction spending is in current dollars and excludes equipment. Data are not advice of any kind.
Last updated 2026-10-08. Next scheduled source updates: Census construction spending 2026-11-02, BLS CES 2026-11-06, QCEW second quarter 2026 on 2026-12-02, OEWS May 2026 in spring 2027.
This report presents published data with its limitations. It is not legal, financial or investment advice.
Sources, ranked by quality
Tier 1: primary and official sources (26)
- [1] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025 state estimates (oesm25st.zip, state_M2025_dl.xlsx). May 2025 (released 2026-05-15). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [2] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025 national estimates (oesm25nat.zip). May 2025 (released 2026-05-15). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [3] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2025 (news release USDL-26-0725). May 2025, released 2026-05-15. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [4] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment Projections, occupation.xlsx (Tables 1.2, 1.4, 1.10 and 1.12). 2025 to 2035 (released 2026-08-27). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [5] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment Projections, 2025 to 2035 (news release USDL-26-1422). 2025 to 2035, released 2026-08-27. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [6] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook: Electricians. 2025 to 2035 edition. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [7] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW open data, NAICS 23821 electrical contractors, 2020 annual averages. 2020 annual average. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [8] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW open data, NAICS 23821 electrical contractors, 2025 annual averages. 2025 annual average (final as of 2026-08-28). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [9] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW open data, NAICS 23821 electrical contractors, annual averages 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024. 2019 and 2021 to 2024 annual averages (one CSV per year). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [10] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW open data, all private industries (industry 10), 2020 and 2025 annual averages. 2020 and 2025 annual averages. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [11] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW open data, NAICS 23821, first quarter 2026 and first quarter 2025. Q1 2026 (preliminary, released 2026-08-28) and Q1 2025. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [12] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW news release schedule. 2026 release dates. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [13] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current Employment Statistics, construction flat file (ce.data.20a.Construction.Employment). 2019 to August 2026 (September 2026 release of 2026-10-02). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [14] U.S. Census Bureau. State population totals, Vintage 2025 (NST-EST2025-ALLDATA). July 1, 2025 estimates. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [15] U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Apprenticeship. Apprentices by State dashboard (RAPIDS data, Tableau Public workbook behind the dashboard). FY2025 (October 2024 to September 2025). Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [16] U.S. Census Bureau. Monthly Construction Spending, August 2026 (release CB26-158). August 2026, released 2026-10-01. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [17] U.S. Census Bureau. Value of Private Construction Put in Place, seasonally adjusted annual rate (privsatime.xlsx). January 2014 to August 2026. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [18] U.S. Census Bureau. Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, 2022 to 2025 (private.xlsx). 2022 to 2025. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [19] U.S. Census Bureau. Annual Value of Private Construction Put in Place, 2012 to 2021 (privateha2.xlsx). 2012 to 2021. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [20] U.S. Department of Energy. DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers (LBNL 2024 report). 2014 to 2023, projections to 2028. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [21] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (now National Laboratory of the Rockies), U.S. DOE. Major Drivers of Long-Term Distribution Transformer Demand (NREL/TP-6A40-87653). February 2024. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [22] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (now National Laboratory of the Rockies), U.S. DOE. Distribution Transformer Demand: Understanding Demand Segmentation, Drivers, and Management Through 2050. 2025. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [23] National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC), via CISA. Addressing the Critical Shortage of Power Transformers to Ensure Reliability of the U.S. Grid. June 2024. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [24] North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). 2025 Long-Term Reliability Assessment. published January 2026; 10-year outlook. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [25] U.S. Energy Information Administration. Short-Term Energy Outlook: Electricity, coal and renewables. released 2026-10-06. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [26] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. OEWS data tables index (May 2025 is the latest release listed). May 2025. Accessed 2026-10-08.
Tier 3: journalism and expert commentary (2)
- [27] Boostpoint. Electrician Shortage 2026: What the Data Shows. read at source 2026-09-24. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- [28] Qmerit. America's Electrician Shortage in 2026: What Every Electrical Contractor Needs to Know. updated June 2026. Accessed 2026-10-08.