Workers Comp Rates for Contractors by State: Premium Index and Construction Class Codes

Workers' comp premium index map, 2024 study

The Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS) index prices one fixed basket of 53 risk classes in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Hawaii, New Jersey, New York and California top the 2024 index; North Dakota, Arkansas, West Virginia and Utah sit at the bottom.

Hawaii had the highest 2024 index at $2.52 per $100 of payroll, 231% of the study median, according to the Oregon DCBS 2024 study. New Jersey ($2.16), New York ($1.98) and California ($1.86) followed. North Dakota was lowest at $0.50, 45% of the median, followed by Arkansas ($0.53) and West Virginia ($0.54).

Premium index rate: A state's calculated manual rates for 53 NCCI class codes, weighted by Oregon's 2018 to 2020 payroll and adjusted for the residual market, expressed in dollars per $100 of payroll. DCBS says the index is not the rate employers in a state pay; it measures how far rates differ for the same mix of work.

Construction carries real weight in the basket. Carpentry 5645 and 5403, roofing 5551, painting 5474, electrical 5190, HVAC 5537, excavation 6217, cabinet and trim carpentry 5437, plumbing 5183, concrete 5213 and 5221, and paving 5506 are among the 53 classes listed in Appendix 1 of the 2024 report.

Workers comp rates for contractors by state: the 51-jurisdiction table

Ranked on the 2024 index, the gap between the most and least expensive jurisdiction is 5.04 to 1. The middle of the ranking is tightly packed: ranks 13 to 39 span only $0.54, and adjacent ranks differ by an average of $0.02.

Quartile medians (CB&C calculation): ranks 1 to 13 had a median index of $1.42; ranks 14 to 26, $1.16; ranks 27 to 39, $0.95; ranks 40 to 51, $0.70. The top quartile runs from $2.52 down to $1.34; the bottom quartile from $0.78 to $0.50.

The four monopolistic state-fund jurisdictions split. Ohio ($0.68, rank 47) and North Dakota ($0.50, rank 51) rank in the bottom quartile, while Washington ($1.35, rank 12) and Wyoming ($1.41, rank 8) rank in the top quartile. Washington is the only jurisdiction whose hourly rates the study converts to a payroll basis.

Market context, not part of the ranking: the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) reported a calendar year 2025 private carrier combined ratio of 91% and a 0.2% decline in net written premium, the 12th straight year of underwriting gains (NCCI, May 12, 2026). For how these costs sit beside other location factors, see the Commercial Builder Opportunity Index.

Construction class codes and their rates

Workers' comp is priced by class code, and construction codes cost many times more than office work. Across 51 jurisdictions the median carpentry 5403 rate was $4.58 per $100 of payroll and the median clerical 8810 rate was $0.11.

Class code: A numeric classification that groups employers by the type of work their employees do. Each code carries its own rate per $100 of payroll. Thirteen jurisdictions, including California, New York, Washington, North Dakota and Wyoming, have no NCCI industry rate data, and the Oregon study maps their classes to analogous NCCI classes.

• 5403 Carpentry NOC: carpentry not otherwise classified. In California it covers rough and finish carpentry on new or remodeled residential or commercial buildings for employees paid under $46.00 per hour; 5432 covers those paid at or above it.
• 5645 Carpentry, dwellings not exceeding three stories: residential framing and carpentry.
• 5606 Contractor executive level supervisor: WCIRB guidance also places safety managers, project managers and engineers who walk sites but do not supervise construction operations in 5606.
• 5183 Plumbing NOC, 5190 Electrical wiring within buildings, 5022 Masonry NOC, 5221 Concrete or cement work (floors, driveways, yards, sidewalks) and 5213 Concrete construction NOC. Descriptions follow the Oregon study's Appendix 1 and the Florida FWCJUA rate list.

Residential carpentry 5645 had the highest median of the eight construction classes at $8.71, 79.2 times the clerical median. Its rate ran from $3.68 in Wyoming to $38.79 in Georgia. Concrete construction 5213 had the widest spread, 15.4 to 1, from $1.68 in North Dakota to $25.87 in New York.

Loss experience is what these rates price. In Oregon's 2018 to 2020 data, class 5645 produced $4.51 of losses per $100 of payroll and class 5403 $2.56, against $0.04 for clerical 8810 (CB&C calculation from Appendix 1).

Within single official sources the pattern repeats. California's approved Sept. 1, 2026 pure premium for carpentry 5403 is $12.075 per $100 of payroll, 7.3 times the $1.65 state average (WCIRB); high-wage carpentry 5432 is 55.9% lower at $5.321. Ohio's July 1, 2026 base rate for residential carpentry 5645 ($3.4595) is 2.02 times its carpentry 5403 rate ($1.7131). Washington's 2026 building construction and trades group averages $2.5106 per hour worked, 3.2 times the $0.7885 all-class average (L&I).

Profiles: the 10 most and 10 least expensive states

Each profile pairs the 2024 index with the state's calculated manual rates for four construction classes. The class rates do not always follow the index: Georgia ranks 26th but has the highest residential carpentry rate in the study.

Most expensive (ranks 1 to 10)

• Hawaii (rank 1; rank 2 in 2022): index $2.52 per $100 of payroll, 231% of the median, up $0.25 (11.0%) from $2.27. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $9.23, residential carpentry 5645 $12.01, plumbing 5183 $5.19, electrical 5190 $4.46. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: +17.4%.
• New Jersey (rank 2; rank 1 in 2022): index $2.16 per $100 of payroll, 198% of the median, down $0.28 (11.5%) from $2.44. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $15.99, residential carpentry 5645 $25.89, plumbing 5183 $5.25, electrical 5190 $4.75. Rating system: Independent rating bureau. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -10.7%.
• New York (rank 3; rank 4 in 2022): index $1.98 per $100 of payroll, 182% of the median, down $0.17 (7.9%) from $2.15. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $17.93, residential carpentry 5645 $8.95, plumbing 5183 $7.68, electrical 5190 $5.96. Rating system: Independent rating bureau. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -8.0%.
• California (rank 4; rank 3 in 2022): index $1.86 per $100 of payroll, 170% of the median, down $0.40 (17.7%) from $2.26. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $8.41, residential carpentry 5645 $8.41, plumbing 5183 $4.17, electrical 5190 $2.78. Rating system: Independent rating bureau. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -11.2%.
• Vermont (rank 5; rank 6 in 2022): index $1.60 per $100 of payroll, 147% of the median, down $0.38 (19.2%) from $1.98. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $6.41, residential carpentry 5645 $9.23, plumbing 5183 $4.06, electrical 5190 $3.04. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -9.8%.
• Connecticut (rank 6; rank 10 in 2022): index $1.48 per $100 of payroll, 135% of the median, down $0.16 (9.8%) from $1.64. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $8.08, residential carpentry 5645 $16.38, plumbing 5183 $4.14, electrical 5190 $3.21. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -11.7%.
• Wisconsin (rank 7; rank 8 in 2022): index $1.42 per $100 of payroll, 130% of the median, down $0.25 (15.0%) from $1.67. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $6.63, residential carpentry 5645 $9.75, plumbing 5183 $2.76, electrical 5190 $2.53. Rating system: Independent rating bureau. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -15.1%.
• Wyoming (rank 8; rank 7 in 2022): index $1.41 per $100 of payroll, 130% of the median, down $0.45 (24.2%) from $1.86. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $3.32, residential carpentry 5645 $3.68, plumbing 5183 $3.32, electrical 5190 $3.32. Rating system: Monopolistic state fund. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -24.0%.
• Louisiana (rank 9; rank 5 in 2022): index $1.41 per $100 of payroll, 129% of the median, down $0.72 (33.8%) from $2.13. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $5.64, residential carpentry 5645 $15.09, plumbing 5183 $2.42, electrical 5190 $2.75. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -21.1%.
• Rhode Island (rank 10; rank 11 in 2022): index $1.38 per $100 of payroll, 127% of the median, down $0.24 (14.8%) from $1.62. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $5.09, residential carpentry 5645 $7.62, plumbing 5183 $3.56, electrical 5190 $2.41. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -12.0%.

Least expensive (ranks 42 to 51)

• Nevada (rank 42; rank 37 in 2022): index $0.73 per $100 of payroll, 67% of the median, down $0.27 (27.0%) from $1.00. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $3.33, residential carpentry 5645 $6.15, plumbing 5183 $2.02, electrical 5190 $1.53. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -18.5%.
• District of Columbia (rank 43; rank 40 in 2022): index $0.73 per $100 of payroll, 67% of the median, down $0.22 (23.2%) from $0.95. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $3.46, residential carpentry 5645 $5.91, plumbing 5183 $1.87, electrical 5190 $1.52. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -18.8%.
• Virginia (rank 44; rank 36 in 2022): index $0.73 per $100 of payroll, 67% of the median, down $0.28 (27.7%) from $1.01. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $2.98, residential carpentry 5645 $6.70, plumbing 5183 $1.95, electrical 5190 $1.38. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -20.6%.
• Indiana (rank 45; rank 48 in 2022): index $0.71 per $100 of payroll, 65% of the median, down $0.06 (7.8%) from $0.77. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $2.71, residential carpentry 5645 $5.48, plumbing 5183 $1.23, electrical 5190 $1.23. Rating system: Independent rating bureau. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -42.1%.
• Arizona (rank 46; rank 44 in 2022): index $0.70 per $100 of payroll, 64% of the median, down $0.17 (19.5%) from $0.87. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $4.31, residential carpentry 5645 $8.25, plumbing 5183 $2.03, electrical 5190 $1.81. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -19.1%.
• Ohio (rank 47; rank 47 in 2022): index $0.68 per $100 of payroll, 63% of the median, down $0.15 (18.1%) from $0.83. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $2.06, residential carpentry 5645 $7.10, plumbing 5183 $1.54, electrical 5190 $1.59. Rating system: Monopolistic state fund. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -16.7%.
• Utah (rank 48; rank 45 in 2022): index $0.63 per $100 of payroll, 57% of the median, down $0.23 (26.7%) from $0.86. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $3.38, residential carpentry 5645 $7.97, plumbing 5183 $1.48, electrical 5190 $1.21. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -14.0%.
• West Virginia (rank 49; rank 50 in 2022): index $0.54 per $100 of payroll, 49% of the median, down $0.09 (14.3%) from $0.63. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $1.95, residential carpentry 5645 $4.78, plumbing 5183 $0.96, electrical 5190 $0.98. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -17.4%.
• Arkansas (rank 50; rank 49 in 2022): index $0.53 per $100 of payroll, 48% of the median, down $0.12 (18.5%) from $0.65. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $2.63, residential carpentry 5645 $5.98, plumbing 5183 $1.31, electrical 5190 $1.17. Rating system: NCCI. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -15.2%.
• North Dakota (rank 51; rank 51 in 2022): index $0.50 per $100 of payroll, 45% of the median, down $0.08 (13.8%) from $0.58. Class rates: carpentry 5403 $2.91, residential carpentry 5645 $7.34, plumbing 5183 $1.15, electrical 5190 $0.99. Rating system: Monopolistic state fund. Weighted industry rate change 2022 to 2024: -14.3%.

Trend: how the premium index changed since earlier studies

Rates fell almost everywhere between the 2022 and 2024 editions. 48 of 51 jurisdictions had a lower index; only Hawaii, Colorado and Washington rose. The national median dropped to $1.09, the lowest since the study began in 1986.

Louisiana posted the largest drop, $0.72 (33.8%), from $2.13 to $1.41. Wyoming fell $0.45 and California $0.40. Hawaii rose $0.25 (11.0%) and Colorado $0.12 (12.9%), which moved Colorado from rank 41 to rank 28. The median jurisdiction's index fell 14.8% (CB&C calculation).

DCBS reports that payroll-weighted industry rates decreased by a median of 14.3% from 2022 to 2024, with decreases in all states except Hawaii and Washington, while insurer load factors were about flat. DCBS also cautions that a change in a state's rank can be more meaningful than a change in its index value, because methods and class weights shift.

The national median peaked at $4.35 in 1994 and fell 74.9% to $1.09 by 2024. The spread between highest and lowest widened slightly, from $1.86 in 2022 to $2.02 in 2024, and the high-to-low ratio rose from 4.21 to 5.04 (CB&C calculation).

Since the Jan. 1, 2024 rates used in the study, several states have moved again. California's average approved pure premium rose 6.6% for Sept. 1, 2026. Oregon's average cost of coverage is $0.89 per $100 of payroll in 2026, with $0.92 proposed for 2027 (DCBS). Ohio cut private employer rates 1% on July 1, 2026. Wyoming's 2026 construction of buildings base rate fell 24.8% to $2.55.

Rules that change contractor costs

Four states run monopolistic state funds, several states shift an uninsured subcontractor's liability up the contract chain, and exemptions for owners and officers differ by state. The rules below are taken from the cited statutes and agency pages.

• Monopolistic state funds. The Oregon study lists North Dakota, Ohio, Washington and Wyoming. In North Dakota and Wyoming coverage comes only from the state fund; Ohio and Washington also allow self-insurance.
• Payroll caps. North Dakota charges premium only on the first $46,600 of each employee's salary from July 1, 2026, so the maximum 2026 premium per employee in 5410 Building Construction is $1,579.74 (WSI).
• Industry classes instead of trades. Wyoming rates by NAICS industry: $2.55 for construction of buildings, $2.39 for specialty trade contractors and $0.31 for clerical in 2026, so building construction costs 8.2 times clerical. Proposed 2027 rates are $2.47 and $2.08.
• Upstream liability. Florida (s. 440.10), Minnesota (Minn. Stat. 176.215) and Washington (RCW 51.12.070) each make a hiring contractor answerable for an uninsured subcontractor's workers or premiums, in the terms the statutes set out.
• Wage-based credits. The Oregon study counts 19 states with contracting classification premium adjustment programs that reduce construction rates for higher-wage contractors; California builds the same idea into paired low-wage and high-wage classes.

Construction risk drives these rules. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics recorded 1,032 fatal work injuries among construction and extraction workers in 2024; CB&C tracks them in construction worker deaths and enforcement in OSHA violations in commercial construction. Premium is one of the fixed costs examined in construction business failure rates.

State-by-state findings

1. Hawaii had the highest premium index in the 2024 study, $2.52 per $100 of payroll (rates in effect Jan. 1, 2023), 231% of the median.^[1]
2. North Dakota had the lowest index, $0.50 per $100 of payroll, 45% of the median.^[1]
3. The 2024 national median index was $1.09, 14.2% below the 2022 median of $1.27.^[1]
4. 48 of 51 jurisdictions had a lower index in 2024 than 2022; Hawaii (+11.0%), Colorado (+12.9%) and Washington (+3.1%) rose.^[1][4]
5. Louisiana's index fell 33.8% from $2.13 in 2022 to $1.41 in 2024, the largest drop.^[1][4]
6. Across 51 jurisdictions the median carpentry 5403 rate was $4.58 per $100 of payroll on Jan. 1, 2024; New York was highest at $17.93.^[1]
7. Residential carpentry 5645 had the highest construction median, $8.71, with Georgia at $38.79.^[1]
8. In Oregon's 2018 to 2020 data, class 5645 produced $4.51 of losses per $100 of payroll versus $0.04 for clerical 8810.^[1]
9. California's Sept. 1, 2026 pure premium for carpentry 5403 is $12.075 per $100 of payroll, against a $1.65 state average.^[8][7]
10. Ohio's July 1, 2026 base rates are $1.7131 for 5403 and $3.4595 for 5645 per $100 of payroll.^[14]
11. Washington's 2026 rate for wood frame building construction (0510) is $4.6938 per hour worked.^[13]
12. North Dakota's 2026 rate for 5410 Building Construction is $3.39 per $100 on the first $46,600 of pay per employee.^[17]
13. Wyoming cut its construction of buildings base rate 24.8% to $2.55 for 2026.^[18]

Rankings and ratios we derived

Download the calculations (CSV)

Executive summary

• Hawaii ($2.52) and North Dakota ($0.50) bracket the 2024 premium index, a 5.04 to 1 gap.
• The national median index was $1.09 per $100 of payroll, down from $1.27 in 2022 and $4.35 in 1994.
• 48 of 51 jurisdictions had a lower index than in 2022; the median change was -14.8%.
• Carpentry 5403 had a median rate of $4.58 per $100 of payroll, 41.6 times the clerical median of $0.11.
• Single-class spreads are wider than the index: 9.2 to 1 for 5403 and 15.4 to 1 for concrete 5213.
• In every official 2026 rate table reviewed (California, Florida, Ohio, North Dakota, Washington), carpentry, masonry and concrete rates exceed plumbing and electrical rates; the rate types differ and cannot be compared across states.
• Florida, Minnesota and Washington statutes place liability for uninsured subcontractors on the hiring contractor; Texas makes coverage optional for most private employers.

Frequently asked questions

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Methodology

Selection. The primary dataset is the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS) Workers' Compensation Premium Rate Ranking, Calendar Year 2024 (report 440-2083, June 2025), the latest edition on 2026-10-06. It prices one fixed set of class codes in all 51 jurisdictions with one method. The 2022 edition supplies the comparison year. Official 2026 class rates come from rating bureaus and state funds that publish them openly: WCIRB and the California Department of Insurance, Florida's residual market plan (FWCJUA), Ohio BWC (Ohio Administrative Code 4123-17-06), North Dakota WSI, Washington L&I and Wyoming DWS. NCCI is used only for headline system results; BLS data provide injury context.

Inclusion and exclusion. Every figure comes from a document opened on 2026-10-06 and saved in raw/. Insurer marketing pages, quote calculators and unsourced state averages were excluded, including pages that rank states without naming a dataset or edition. California's approved rate file was blocked to automated requests; the Internet Archive copy of the official file, captured 2026-07-27, was used and labelled. Wyoming publishes rates by NAICS industry, so it is omitted from the per-trade comparison table.

Conflicting numbers. The Oregon index and the official state tables measure different things (index of calculated manual rates vs pure premium, base rate or hourly rate) and on different dates, so they are reported side by side and never merged. Where DCBS and a state publish different Oregon averages for different years, each is dated.

Derived metrics. CB&C computed the high-to-low ratio, quartile medians, 2022 to 2024 changes, class-code medians, spreads and multiples of the clerical class, Oregon losses per $100 of payroll, and an illustrative premium. Formulas and fact sheet row numbers are in derived_metrics.csv; the parsing and calculation scripts are in scripts/.

Limitations. The index uses Oregon's industry mix, so a construction-heavy employer's experience will differ. Index values are not strictly comparable across editions because DCBS changed load-factor and tax methods in 2024. Calculated manual rates omit experience modification, schedule rating, deductibles, dividends and self-insurance. Figure 5 median values were transcribed from chart labels. Nothing here is insurance, legal or tax advice.

Last updated 2026-10-06. The next Oregon edition (rates as of Jan. 1, 2026) had not been published when this report was checked.

This report presents published data with its limitations. It is not legal, financial or investment advice.

Sources, ranked by quality

Tier 1: primary and official sources (30)

• [1] Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services. Oregon Workers' Compensation Premium Rate Ranking, Calendar Year 2024 (report 440-2083, June 2025). Rates in effect as of Jan. 1, 2024. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [2] Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services. Workers' compensation premium rate ranking by state. 2024 and 2022 study ranks. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [3] Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services. Oregon releases biennial workers' compensation study (press release, June 17, 2025). 2024 study. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [4] Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services. Oregon Workers' Compensation Premium Rate Ranking, Calendar Year 2022 (report 440-2083). Rates in effect as of Jan. 1, 2022. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [5] Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services (via FlashAlert). State of Oregon proposes workers' compensation rates for 2027 (news release, Sept. 9, 2026). 2026 rates and 2027 proposal. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [6] Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services. Workers' compensation pure premium rate to drop for 13th-straight year (press release, Sept. 8, 2025). 2026 rates. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [7] Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB). Insurance Commissioner Issues Decision on September 1, 2026 Pure Premium Rate Filing. Policies incepting on or after Sept. 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [8] WCIRB California. Approved September 1, 2026 Advisory Pure Premium Rates, delimited file (Internet Archive copy captured 2026-07-27). Sept. 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [9] California Department of Insurance. Decision and Order: September 1, 2026 Workers' Compensation Claims Cost Benchmark and Advisory Pure Premium Rates (REG-2026-00002). Sept. 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [10] California Department of Insurance. Workers' Compensation Rate Comparison, WC Base Rates Listed by Classification, March 2026 Edition. Insurer manual rates on file, March 2026 edition. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [11] WCIRB California. California Workers' Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan, effective Sept. 1, 2026. Sept. 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [12] WCIRB California. Classifying Construction Supervision (infographic). Published 2024. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [13] Washington State Department of Labor & Industries. 2026 Rates per Hour Worked for State Fund firms, by business type and classification code. Calendar year 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [14] Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (Ohio Administrative Code). Ohio Administrative Code 4123-17-06, Appendix A: private employer base rates effective July 1, 2026. July 1, 2026 to June 30, 2027. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [15] Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (Ohio Administrative Code). Ohio Administrative Code rule 4123-17-06, Private employer base rates and expected loss rates. July 1, 2026 to June 30, 2027. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [16] Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation. Ohio employers save $10 million with new rate cut (news release, Feb. 27, 2026). Rates from July 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [17] North Dakota Workforce Safety & Insurance. 2026 WSI Classification Manual (manual rates 2026/2027). July 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [18] Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, Workers' Compensation Division. 2026 Industry Base Rates by Classification. Calendar year 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [19] Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, Workers' Compensation Division. 2027 Proposed Industry Base Rates by Classification. Calendar year 2027 (proposed). Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [20] State of Wyoming (FindLaw copy). Wyoming Statutes section 27-14-201, Rates and classifications. Current statute. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [22] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. Table 1. Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by industry and case types, 2024. 2024. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [23] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2024 (news release). 2024. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [24] Florida Legislature. Florida Statutes section 440.10, Liability for compensation. Current statute. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [25] Florida Legislature. Florida Statutes section 440.02, Definitions (construction industry officer exemptions). Current statute. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [26] Florida Department of Financial Services. Construction Industry exemptions, Division of Workers' Compensation. Current. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [27] Texas Department of Insurance. Workers' compensation insurance guide. Current. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [28] Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry. Information sheet: Workers' compensation liability of contractors. Current. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [29] Washington State Legislature. RCW 51.12.070, Works of contractors and subcontractors. Current statute. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [30] California Contractors State License Board. Workers' Compensation Requirements for licensees. Current. Accessed 2026-10-06.
• [31] Florida Workers' Compensation Joint Underwriting Association (FWCJUA). Current Rates, 2026 rates effective 1/1/2026 (Florida residual market plan). Jan. 1, 2026. Accessed 2026-10-06.

Tier 2: trade bodies, market research, company data (1)

• [21] National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI). NCCI Announces Healthy Workers Compensation System at AIS 2026 (May 12, 2026). Calendar year 2025. Accessed 2026-10-06.